An Arundel Tomb Essays

An Arundel Tomb Essays An Arundel Tomb Essay An Arundel Tomb Essay A sonnet wherein the writer investigates the criticalness of the progression of time is An Arundel Tomb by Philip Larkin. Larkin utilizes procedures, for example, symbolism and word decision to accomplish this. Promptly, the title of the sonnet causes the peruser to think about the significance of the topic of time. An Arundel Tomb, when separated to each single word the implications are; A depicting just one; Arundel a town close Chichester in England where this burial chamber is really present; and Tomb, the word burial place parts with the sonnet most on the grounds that it makes you start to consider how burial chambers are normally just for rich individuals and were generally for individuals who were of a sovereignty or significance and furthermore the possibility of death, individuals just go into the burial place after they have passed on. The individuals who the burial chamber was made for was a duke and royal lady which sort of demonstrates the point about individuals being rich to manage the cost of a burial chamber. Correspondingly, the structure of the sonnet features Larkins worry with the progression of time, the sonnet is written in seven refrains with an ABBCAC ordinary rhyme plot. Every refrain is written in a perfect manner with each verse having six lines. The flawless structure of the sonnet copies the manner in which the representations are lying still, close to one another, Side by side, their countenances obscured The impression I get from the standard structure of the sonnet is that craftsmanship can withstand the disintegration of time, which associates with the progression of time which is the general subject of this specific sonnet. Larkin likewise utilizes comparisons and illustrations to enlighten the progression of time, he utilizes the possibility of relationship. Larkin likewise utilizes word decision and expressions, for example, fastened jointed and holding her hand to bring the point over that these individuals loved one another anyway , the possibility of the absence of clearness is additionally stressed consequently connections are not in every case clear. Absence of lucidity shows up regularly in the sonnet, the main line of the sonnet peruses to outcasts their faces obscured and afterward in the second line the word lie is composed, these two words together make you consider it in somewhat more detail, that there faces are obscured in light of the fact that they arent coming clean.

Is there a legitimacy of IMF duties and did IMF fulfill its promises Essay

Is there an authenticity of IMF obligations and did IMF satisfy its guarantees - Essay Example The reserve was likewise accused of the duty of benefiting its assets to part states confronting hardships in their parity of installments, and decreasing just as shortening the level of unevenness in the worldwide equalization of installments to its part states (Soros, 2002: pp 116). The IMF has added to positive change in various part nations since its foundation. At its origin, it attempted the overwhelming assignment of reestablishing monetary development and strength, particularly after the universal war, and the repercussions of the extraordinary worldwide gloom. The IMF received a straightforward working rule that all nations share some key financial objectives; that incorporate accomplishment of high salary and business levels, and that nations can accomplish these objectives by embracing strong macroeconomic strategies, teaming up to make global fiscal frameworks work effectively and making their economies open to exchange (Camdessus, 1998). It has not been simple for IMF since the worldwide economy has had its triumphs and difficulties, particularly during the store's underlying years. For all the nations that received the IMF standards, their business rates rose, their national salaries developed, and their exchange extended gigantically, introducing just about fifty years of worldwide success. The worldwide economy is significantly more com... Additionally, there are presently different swapping scale game plans which have supplanted the underlying fixed conversion scale framework, with IMF part states expanding from only forty of every 1947 to 182 as of now (Camdessus, 1998). During these turns of events, the store has additionally needed to change and create itself so as to stay significant and address the changing needs and requests. The store presently briefly gives and advices individuals experiencing wide going conditions and issues. The reserve has likewise extended its extension to consolidate different components adding to steadiness in the money related frameworks and financial development. The reserve currently advocates for its individuals deregulating their household economies to support private segment exercises. In addition, it has required the part governments to decrease unfruitful government spending, spend more on fundamental human needs, guarantee responsibility in corporate and government undertakings and a progressively productive discourse on financial arrangements with the common society and work (Camdessus, 1998). The IMF has helped its individuals in managing different issues and issues that were not foreseen at the's foundation. For example, the store helped in making a component to reuse the surpluses of oil exporters and aided in financing oil-related shortages in certain nations during the 1970s vitality emergency. During the 1980s, the reserve helped the Latin American nations in conquering an obligation emergency (Camdessus, 1998). In 1989, IMF helped in structuring and financing considerable worldwide endeavors required to help the 26 change nations of Eastern Europe and the previous USSR to desert the inheritance of brought together arranging. Somewhere in the range of 1994 and 1995, IMF got Mexico out

Top 10 Books By Revolutionary Women

Top 10 Books By Revolutionary Women We have a saying in Spanish: No hay nada mas parecido a un machista de derecha, que un machista de izquierda. It translates to Theres nothing more similar to a sexist right-wing man than a sexist left-wing man. Unfortunately, left-wing men love to prove that this saying is correct. According to Alexei Sayle and  The Guardian, women are not revolutionary. At least, thats what a book list entitled Alexei Sayles Top 10 Books About Revolutionaries  seems to imply: all the authors are men, all the books are about men. Where are the women in this list? Are we to assume that only men have been revolutionary? Im calling it: some men are way too comfortable reading about revolutions that dont involve gender equality or dont even look at gender as an important hierarchy in our society. If your response is that gender equality will come naturally through some kind of abstract bro-revolution, I am here to tell you to pick up some Judith Butler and stop bullshiting brocialism to women who are way too intelligent to believe what youre saying. My main question to Sayle and The Guardian, who apparently just went with it, is how can we ever claim to be revolutionary without a gender theory perspective? Gender is one of the most impactful, harmful and persistent hierarchies we have to negotiate within in society.  If your revolutionary spirit ignores gender theory, youre  doing it wrong. But then again, I want to give everyone the benefit of the doubt and assume you just havent heard about all these revolutionary books by women here they are. 1. Gender Trouble by Judith Butler Is gender a construct? The short answer is yes, the long answer is Judith Butlers Gender Trouble. Butler challenges traditional feminism that suggests feminine traits and behaviours are natural and not socialised. Through an examination of the masculine and the feminine, Butler explains the performative nature of gender. 2. Borderlands / La Frontera: The New Mestiza by Gloria Anzaldua Through a mixing of language and political statements, Anzaldua challenges our concept of borders, identity and how we see the other. Anzaldua uses her own experiences as a Chicana lesbian activist to challenge conventions and writes in Spanish to defy the prevalence and validity of the English language. 3. Aint I a Woman? by bell hooks I am a huge fan of bell hooks because she writes in accessible and touching language. This book is a call-out of  the lack of intersectionality in both feminist and anti-racism movements in the USA. hooks explores black womanhood, racism in the feminist movement, sexism in the anti-racism movement and pushes for  an intersectional, gender equal, and anti-racist social justice movement. 4. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft This book was first published in 1792 and it caused a huge scandal. Wollstonecraft argues for the education of women, gender equality and human dignity. If this isnt revolutionary, I dont know what is. 5. The Subversive Stich by  Rozsika Parker Why are traditionally feminine types of art classified as crafts? Isnt cross stitching a type of painting but with thread? Parker explores this historical exclusion and suggests it has widely contributed to the marginalization of women. 6. Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches by Audre Lorde A collection of essays and speeches by black feminist lesbian activist Audre Lorde. Lorde discusses racism, sexism, homophobia and class. 7. We Should All be Feminists by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie A short yet powerful essay by one of my favourite contemporary feminists. Adichie adapted her famous TED talk on feminism into an essay, and at a time where feminism is considered man-hating, Adichies words are more revolutionary than ever. 8. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness by Michelle Alexander Because of the election of Barack Obama, we often hear that we live in an age of post-racial America. This book directly challenges that notion, discusses the racism of the War on Drugs that decimated communities of color in the USA. 9. The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of Americas Great Migration by Isabel Wilkerson Wilkerson chronicles the forgotten stories of black American migrating from the south to the north and west of the US in search for a better life. 10. Men We Reaped: A Memoir by Jesmyn Ward Wards memoir tackles racism and loss, two things that are connected to one another in her community of DeLisle, Mississippi.

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain - 1170 Words

According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, â€Å"identity† is defined as â€Å"the distinguishing character or personality of an individual,† which includes the individual’s unique qualities and beliefs. It is crucial for a person to keep his identity intact at all times, especially in times of trouble. However, those in power often seek to make those subservient to them lose their sense of identity. For instance, â€Å"white torture† is a type of psychological torture used that includes extreme sensory deprivation and isolation, making the detainee lose their personal identity through long periods of isolation. Similarly, white slave owners in the American South during the 18th and 19th centuries often attempted to make their slaves lose their identity, through a variety of means. When a slave lost his identity, he would no longer feel like a real person and did not have the urge to resist the wrongdoings that were occurring. This can be seen in The Adv entures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, Slave Narrative by Frederick Douglass, and 12 Years a Slave by Solomon Northup. The process of causing someone to lose his identity is quite a long and tricky one. One such tool used by white slave owners was the ingenious use of religion. When a slave owner was able to successfully use religion for their own benefit, while to the slave’s disadvantage, it had persuasive effects. The most powerful use of religion by slave owners was to convince the slaves that their own cruel actions wereShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain830 Words   |  3 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is â€Å"A Great American Novel†, because of its complexity and richness. Twain writes dialogue that brings his characters to life. He creates characters with unique voice and helps the reader connect to the book. Anyone who reads it is forced to develop feelings for each character. Even though there is a great amount of controversy over the use of some choices, such as the â€Å"n word†, it makes the book more realistic. In the beginning of the novel Huck,Read MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1103 Words   |  5 PagesDmitri Van Duine Jr English Mr. Nelson November 27th The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Written by Mark Twain filled his stories with many examples of satire as to convey a message while also writing an interesting story. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn revolves around the adventures of a young boy called Huckleberry Finn, who is about thirteen years old. Tom Sawyer is Huck’s best friend and around the same age as Huck. He is onlyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesZambrano Mrs. Patmor AP Lit-Period 5 28 September 2016 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1835 Mark Twain embodies realism in almost every aspect of his writing not excluding The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which in he portrays such a lifelike setting that it almost gives you this sense of reality through the point of view of a young man that has an urge for freedom yet struggles to conform to society s norms due to his adolescence. Twain s ability to unmask the true identities of the charactersRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain931 Words   |  4 PagesWolski Mrs. Goska English 2H Period 3 22 October 2014 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mob mentality is the way an individual’s decisions become influenced by the often unprincipled actions of a crowd. Mark Twain penned The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Twain grew up in America’s southern states during the early 1800’s, a time in which moral confusion erupted within the minds of humans. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn s protagonist is a young boy named Huck who freely travels alongRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1375 Words   |  6 Pagesmention the years spent growing and maturing physically. Teenagers are stuck in an inbetween state where they must learn who they want to become and what they want to be when they grow older. The same is true for Huckleberry Finn, from the book â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain. This is a book that was written in a time of great confusion over moral codes and standards. It was a world split in half by two different worlds of people; those who opposed, a nd those who promoted slavery.Read MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain2083 Words   |  9 PagesSatire in Huckleberry Finn In the novel â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain, we are told a story about a young boy and his slave companion’s journey down the Mississippi River and all of their encounters with other characters. Twain constructed a beautiful narrative on how young Huck Finn, the protagonist in the story, learns about the world and from other adult characters, how he is shaped into his own person. At the time this book was made however, this novel provided serious socialRead MoreMark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1575 Words   |  6 Pages Mark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Controversy Mark Twain, born Samuel Langhorne Clemens, is a highly recognizable figure in American literature. Born in Florida, Missouri Mark Twain and his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri where Twain discovered and fell in love with the mighty Mississippi River. The river and his life in Hannibal became his inspiration and guiding light in most of his writing. Although Twain loved the river and did a great deal of traveling, he eventuallyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1005 Words   |  5 Pages In the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain in the 19th century is about a young boy named Huck Finn and Jim, a runaway slave who go on an adventure. The two travel on a raft along the Mississippi river creating a bond and making memories. Mark Twain presents Huckleberry Finn as a dynamic character who at first views Jim as property and eventually considers Jim as a friend, showing a change in maturity. In the beginning of the book, Huck Finn clearly sees Jim as nothing more thanRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1335 Words   |  6 Pagesyear The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is placed in the top ten banned books in America. People find the novel to be oppressing and racially insensitive due to its frequent use of the n-word and the portrayal of blacks as a Sambo caricature. However, this goes against Mark Twain’s intent of bringing awareness to the racism in America. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is classified under the genre of satire and is narrated by a fictional character named Huckleberry Finn. The novelRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain810 Words   |  4 PagesBefore Mark Twain started to write two of his most famous novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark was known to use his characters to display his own thoughts and opinions. â€Å"This device allowed him to s ay just about anything he wanted, provided he could convincingly claim he was simply reporting what others had said.† (Twain, 1283). Mark Twain used this process to be a foundation of his lectures, by manipulating his popularly with his readers. During the story

Psychotherapy Essay examples - 998 Words

I believe that the art of psychotherapy is more important than the use of empirically validated treatments (EVT). I feel that the art of psychotherapy exists through the use of the common factors, which include the therapeutic relationship, client and therapist factors (e.g., personality), helping clients deal with problems, and hope or expectancy factors (Reisner, 2005). Although I do believe that empirically validated treatments may enhance the therapeutic process, the treatments themselves are by no means the most important or fundamental aspects of therapy. I agree with the idea presented by Allen (2008) that scientific knowledge is important, but it is not sufficient for the successful outcomes in psychotherapy. There appears, at†¦show more content†¦One ideal way to prevent the complete loss of the art of psychotherapy is to use both the art and science together. Proponents of empirically validated treatments argue that the manualized treatment is an attempt to focus psychological training and find the most efficient and effective treatments (Halford, 1997). Research indicates that manualized treatments should achieve results that are more consistent with fewer negative effects than non-structured interventions (Drozd Goldfried, 1996). However, dependence on manualized treatments may lead to the idea everyone diagnosed with the same disorder can be treated in the same way, regardless of individual characteristics or presentation of the disorder (Drozd Goldfried, 1996). Hence, proponents of empirically validated treatments argue against the dodo bird argument that all therapies are essentially the same by indicating that not all treatments are created equally and imply that the use of manualized treatments may help therapists become consistent across all therapy approaches (Cukrowicz et al., 2005). Advantages of EVTs include decreasing the t ime to be spent on treatment planning and allowing for the use of behavioral measures to assess before and after treatment changes, which helps keep track of the client’s progress (Hopko Hopko, 1999). Research provides evidence that manualizedShow MoreRelatedPsychotherapies605 Words   |  3 PagesPsychotherapies Krystle A McClurg BEH/225 09/11/2015 MELODIE MILLER Psychotherapies Psychotherapy, or talk therapy, is a way to treat people with a mental disorder by helping them understand their illness. It teaches people strategies and gives them tools to deal with stress and unhealthy thoughts and behaviors. Psychotherapy helps patients manage their symptoms better and function at their best in everyday life. Sometimes psychotherapy alone may be the best treatment for a person,Read More Psychotherapy Essay1023 Words   |  5 PagesMy preferred theoretical orientation is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The main assumption of CBT is that events and situations in life do not cause emotional problems (e.g., guilt or depression); rather problems are a by-product irrational beliefs and perceptions about the situations (Corey, 2009). The goals of CBT focus on correcting the client’s automatic and self-defeating thoughts, which should ultimately help them to develop a more adaptive philosophy of life (Corey, 2009). CBT focusesRead More Art of Psychotherapy Essay1286 Words   |  6 PagesI believe that the art of psychotherapy is more important than empirically validated treatments (EVT). I feel that the art of psychotherapy lies in the common factors, which include the therapeutic relationship, client and therapist factors (e.g., personality), helping clients deal with problems, and hope or expectancy factors (Reisner, 2005). Although I do believe that empirically validated treatments may enhance the therapeutic process, the treatments themselves are by no means the most importantRead MoreIs Psychotherapy Based On Science?873 Words   |  4 Pages Is psychotherapy based on science? Is psychotherapy a science? What is psychotherapy? In psychotherapies, a trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth. (Book)There are at least 500 different types of psychotherapies. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-all-psychotherapies-created-equal/ Being that there are so many, researchers often focus on the most frequently used approaches. These approaches are psychodynamicRead MorePsychotherapy for Mental Health906 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Medical News Today, psychotherapy is a series of techniques for treating mental health, emotional and some psychiatric disorders (http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/156433.php). This website also says that is helps people understand what makes them happy or anxious and find their strong and weak points. There are various types of psychotherapy treatment such as cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy. However there is a rising quest ion whether it is effective or not. Is talkingRead MoreThe Ethical Concerns Of Psychotherapy1229 Words   |  5 Pages The Research of Psychotherapy Psychotherapy is an interactive process between two individuals or more for the purpose of the improvement or the relief of the suffer of the person from compulsion, troublesome behavior, depression, etc. The process has to be done by using the therapeutic methods which logically relevant to the case under the regulations by laws and the profession. The therapist required for psychotherapy is proficient in both the theories of formation of personality and the techniquesRead More Adlerian Psychotherapy Essay2528 Words   |  11 Pages Understand, interpret, direct. This statement is an oversimplification of sorts, but defines the essence of Adlerian psychotherapy. From this minimal overview of Adlerian theory, we can begin to elaborate and explore the intricacies of individual psychology. Adlerians are concerned with understanding the unique and private beliefs and strategies of the individual (private logic and mistaken notions) that we create in childhood, and which serve as a ref erence for attitudes, private views of selfRead More Psychotherapy Essay946 Words   |  4 PagesMy preferred theoretical orientation is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The main assumption of CBT is that events and situations in life do not cause emotional problems (e.g., guilt or depression); rather problems are due to irrational beliefs and perceptions about the situations (Corey, 2009). The goals of CBT focus on correcting the client’s automatic and self-defeating thoughts, which should ultimately help them to develop a more adaptive philosophy of life (Corey, 2009). I like that thisRead MorePsychotherapies for a Victim of Child Abuse662 Words   |  3 Pagesresulting in a near death experience, that sent her on a journey to recovery. There are several different psychotherapies that she could look into in order to get the assistance she needs such as: psychodynamic, client-centered, counterconditioning, or cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy. Each therapy is unique in their own way and potentially suitable for Annabel. Psychodynamic psychotherapy is a form of therapy that focuses primarily on revealing the unconscious content of the client. The therapistRead MoreThe Korean-American Goldilocks of Psychotherapy 1146 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as psychotherapy. This response broadly reflects two of the predominant reasons why Korean-Americans largely oppose the notion of Western psychotherapy. For one, there is the widespread opinion among the Korean-American population that the psychotherapist or mental health specialist conceives of the problems and solutions using a framework that differs from the cultural beliefs held by Korean-Americans (Kim Ryu, 2005). Korean-Americans are inclined to believe that Western psychotherapy cannot

Wireless Industry Free Essays

The Wireless Industry in Canada is comprised of establishments engaged in providing telecommunication and/or services over network facilities operated by them. The establishments in the industry can own a network, lease a network, or combined these two facilities (NAICS , 2010). With limited regulatory barriers and availability of mobile technologies, the internal weaknesses of the industry have been overcome by strengths through job creations and investment and the Canadian Market. We will write a custom essay sample on Wireless Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now These internal strengths have led the wireless industry to become what is known as the fastest growing industry in North America and Western Europe. Traditional telecommunication companies are having a hard time increasing their customer base because of regulatory barriers and availability of mobile technologies (Anwar, 2003). Market capitalization poses a weakness to the industry. However, this trend is more noted in the European and Asia market, and has not impacted Canada the same. During the boom times, telecom companies maintained high market capitalization which signify an industry that is dominated by digital and Internet-related markets and surging consumer demand (Anwar, 2003). The wireless industry in Canada contributes $39 billion and roughly 300,000 jobs to the economy (CWTA, 2008). With more than $1 billion invested by Canadian wireless carriers in communication infrastructure each year, Canada has become stronger in the investments in the country and its people. The demand for highly skilled wireless communications specialists is so great that Canadian post-secondary institutions are creating programs specifically geared to the wireless industry. Furthermore, the wireless sector offers high value employment with an average salary level of $59,000, compared to a Canadian average salary of $42,640 (CWTA, 2008). Wireless carriers in Canada now expand their services to 99 percent of Canadians, increasing yearly the mobile phone subscribers (reaching 24 million in September 2010) (CWTA, 2008). Approximately 75 percent of Canadian households have access to a wireless phone, sending approximately 163 million text messages a day. The total wireless revenues in Canada were $16.8 billion in 2009 (CWTA, 2008). With this substantial popularity, the evolution of this market within Canada there are still a wide variety of strengths and weaknesses to be utilized and overcome by those organizations ready to effectively take on the challenge. Despite facing threats from external factors, the wireless industry is continuously evolving, giving it the upper hand, along with many opportunities. Much of the wireless industries success comes from the constant growth of technology, as well as, consumer demands. Through consumer trends such as going green, our accustomed lifestyle filled with convenience, and rapid increase in the mobile network, the wireless industry and its infinite possibilities have become the future of communication. Thus this ever-changing ability to develop and evolve is a major external strength for this industry. But having total creative licence to try and pull ahead of the competition, the possibilities in regards to innovation are endless. Green has become more than just a colour in recent years due to the current trend of becoming environmentally friendly and aware consumers. This has become extremely relevant in the wireless industry since, as mentioned by Anne Leonard in â€Å"The Story of Electronics†, electronics are â€Å"designed for the dump.† (Leonard, 2010) Therefore more garbage means more opportunities for recycling. Not only is this an opportunity to attract and meet consumer demands but, going green in the wireless industry would allow the ability to reuse materials, hence making products less costly. By creating green products, a company would be enabled to remain competitive in their industry to fulfill consumer’s need of convenience, and also environmentally friendly and recognizing the importance of the new consumer attitude. Figure 1: Ericsson Vision by 2020 Source: Ericsson Vision 2020 Time is of the essence and consumers now, more than ever, value convenience and accessibility. This provides the wireless industry the perfect opportunity due to the fact that according to Ericsson, an estimated 50 billion devices will be created by 2020. (Ericsson, 2009) As shown in Figure 1, electronics will overwhelmingly be part of our daily lives whether that is at home, work, or in society as a whole. These rising needs will provide the wireless industry with ample opportunities to create new products, as technology permits. Some specific opportunities may include the simple idea of the ability to communicate closely with your consumers through code scanning, to provide necessary information and by providing mobile services such as mobile coupons, which also ties into the green trend. Figure 2: Wireless Industry Market Share Breakdown Ericsson Vision by 2020 Source: CWTA Wireless Facts and Figures 2010 The wireless industry is an oligopoly, meaning that there are a few major competitors in the market. This is a great opportunity especially with â€Å"wireless being a cash cow for the industry, it has been â€Å"enormously† profitable for Rogers, Bell, and Telus.† (Report: Canadian Consumers Not Seeing Benefits From Wireless Industry Competition, 2010). As demonstrated in Figure 2, Rogers, Bell, and Telus control the majority of the market share and as the industry grows so will their sales Even though individual electronics may have a short life cycle, the overall wireless industry proves to be one of the largest and fastest growing industries. At the same time, this can be seen as a weakness, depending on which corporation you are examining. By not competing effectively with the major players within the market, it can be very easy to fall behind and eventually out of this very profitable industry. In order to keep up with Canada’s rapidly growing wireless industry the need for better regulation and easier entry into the industry is a must. There are 99% of Canadians taking advantage of the coverage offered by wireless carriers (C W T A / A C T S). It is imperative for the growth of the industry that international competitors are allowed into the Canadian market. This weakness could easily be turned into a strength as the wireless industry would benefit from increased regulations among carriers; it will allow for more consistency and will aid in capturing the remaining 1% of the Canadian population. Not only does regulation in the industry create happier consumers but it will also allow for customer loyalty for the existing competitors and drive their sales up. Throughout a geographically diverse nation, Canada boasts one of the highest broadband penetration rates in the world and Canadian companies have learned to provide world-class services, despite the geographical challenges and the smaller population centres. This weakness has already been overcome by the strength within the service and technology of this Canadian industry. By overcoming the difficulties of the geography and dispersed population centres within Canada, quality service is being provided to all, as well as upgraded and maintain on a daily basis by teams of professional staff an other industries working together. Canada also faces challenges within its wireless industry in regards to commercializing innovation and exporting it successfully to international markets. And tying in with this is another weakness of this Canadian Industry, are the limited resources of these small to medium sized enterprises. â€Å"Canadian operators have historically taken a â€Å"smart follower† approach to the commercial deployment of technology† (Kazam Technologies, 2006). Thus the needed resources of people, time and investments that would be required to successfully establish an organization within and international market present many challenges to the industry. The last current strength within the Canadian wireless industry, is the introduction of a new player which has promised to bring its Canadian organization even closer to the major players of Bell, Telus and now Wind Mobile. The major Chinese telecommunications solutions provider has set up its North American headquarters in Markham Ontario, bringing the province a state-of-the-art test lab designed to help improve the telecommunications industry in Canada (Beta, 2011). The organization named Huawei, headquarters currently employs approximately 200 people and will †expand our highly competitive offerings and support capabilities to our key customers in Canada† (Beta, 2011). Through this company’s commitment to strengthening the wireless industry in Canada along with our economy, there are sure to be some major advancements in years to come. There is no doubt that the wireless industry will only continue to grow. Consumers’ demands are an enormous part of the success of this industry and because of this it is absolutely necessary that these companies are paying attention to the constant changes in lifestyles. The extent of this success hinges heavily on the consumers and their wants. Throughout the external analysis of this popular and widely used industry we have mentioned many strengths and weaknesses within the market. Through the careful planning and managing of the concepts in both of these external areas, individual organizations have the potential to flourish and grow within the industry. Bibliography http://www.iphoneincanada.ca/carriers/report-canadian-consumers-not-seeing-benefits-from-wireless-industry-competition How to cite Wireless Industry, Essay examples

Focus Questions free essay sample

â€Å"Why was the French empire ultimately so much less successful than either the Spanish or the British empires? † France was a late player in the settling game of the New World. During the 1500s it was ravaged by wars and internal conflict, most of these were caused from the Roman Catholics at odds with the Protestant Huguenots. Also, once the colonies were created settlers did not stay, many either came home or never trekked out into the wild. There were very few reasons to travel to the colonies for the French. This is because the colonial government was under direct rule of the crown. The one gain that could be obtained by immigrating to the colonies was religious freedom. However, France would not allow the passage of the prosecuted Huguenots. The main trade was Canada’s fur; not the most profitable. Although fur was very popular in America, and had great potential to succeed. The lack of settlers and the large land area controlled by the French could not be efficiently occupied or fortified. France was suffering from many struggles back in Europe yet the insufficient number of settlers prohibited the French from maintaining their land through the wars (the French and Indian war) and conflicts. 2. â€Å"If France instead of Britain had won the duel for North America, would the 13 colonies ever have become independent of Britain, or would they have been forced to stay within the empire for protection against France? Would Detroit, St. Louis, and New Orleans now be cities in Canada rather than in the United States? † If France had won North America, then I still believe that the United States would become independent. The French and Indian war would have affected the greatly. They would have still been hurt economically from the French and Indian war, and by losing, they could have been damaged in many more ways. Britain would force even more taxes upon the colonies because a defeat would likely cost more. However, if France would have attacked the colonies, the colonists would be preoccupied with defending themselves. Afterwards, although, I believe that the colonies would rebel eventually, because Britain would mistreat them more. Historically, France was the weakest of the world powers. Some islands and Quebec speak French. While over 20 speak Spanish and more than that speak English. If France had won North America from the British, they wouldn’t keep it for long because another â€Å"bully† nation, like Spain, or Germany could have risen up and taken it like candy from the French. 3. â€Å"From Britain’s perspective, were stationing soldiers in the New World permanently and issuing the Proclamation of 1763 good colonial policies? What problems were these policies trying to address? How else might have Britain solved those problems while limiting colonial contempt? † Yes, Britain’s concern of Indian uprising outweighed the expansion of the colonies. Pontiacs Uprising, which began in May of 1763, took the lives of hundreds of colonists and British soldiers as Ottawa leader Pontiac and various other tribes attempted to drive the English out of the Great Lake Region. Finally, the English subdued the Indian uprising by distributing blankets infected with smallpox. A cheap tactic if you would ask me. The Proclamation of 1763 and the posting of soldiers were placed into effect to keep the colonists and the Indians separate. Likely, the act was put in place to protect the colonists, and not to confine them. The main purpose of the Proclamation Line was to delay colonial expansion into the West while Britain stabilized relations with Natives through monetary compensation and the return of land. The other choice was allowing the colonists to have what they want and get massacred as they moved west. Britain could have done a better job with keeping the colonist happy. One flaw was that the colonists that were already west lost their land and money along with it. If I were Britain, I would have insured the colonists with the same proportion of land in a different region or compensated them with monetary supplements. . â€Å"Should the French and Indian War be considered one of the major causes of the American Revolution? Why or why not? † Yes, because it made the Americans want freedom. The colonists felt edged in beside the Eastern coast. France was the major anxiety of the colonists. The historical conflict with France, the Catholicism of France, and the absolute rule of the French monarchy caused Americans to dislike the French. By the mid-17th century, the colonists had begun to move west across the Appalachians into Kentucky. Here the English came in conflict with the French moving down to the south from French Canada into the fertile Ohio Valley. French and British hostilities in the Seven Years War began in North America. Even George Washington was involved in the first engagement. The American share of the Seven Years War (1756-63) is known as the French and Indian War. The War had a main influence on proceedings leading to the Revolution. One might conclude that the British role in removing the French and Native American threat to the Colonies would have permanently sealed ties amongst Britain and the grateful colonies. This did not prove to be true. The disappearance of the French into America meant that the British and Colonists no longer had a mutual enemy. The War was also very expensive. The Colonists had made a major direct monetary contribution to the war effort. The War was very expensive to the British who had begun to rely on the colonists to pay a larger share of the expensive empire, especially the costs of maintaining a strong military. Chapter 7: The Road to Revolution 1. â€Å"Evaluate the system of mercantilism. What were the benefits for Britain and for the colonies? What were the costs to Britain and to the colonies? Is the system of mercantilism sustainable or will colonies inevitably revolt? † Mercantilists believe that economic strength is founded in a balance of trade; meaning exporting more than you import. The mercantilists felt the colonies were most valuable for economic purposes only. This mindset added to why the British felt their West Indies colonies that produced sugar were most important to them. Briefly, British mercantilists viewed the American colonies as mainly an economic and monetary source, a source of money and trade to make money for the motherland. The colonies relied on England for oods and military supremacy, so both were gaining in one way or another. In a mercantilism system, the supporting country, England in this case, ultimately earns much more than the serving country, in this case the American colonies. As a result, rebellion and revolt was sure to occur because the Americans felt like they were being used and could form a better nation than Britain could ever dream of becoming. And they succeeded. Eventually the colonists grew angry because Britain received the majority of the profits and the benefits, and therefore, revolutionized against Britain. In addition, many acts and numerous laws, such as The Navigation Acts or the Stamp Act were enacted to lift up English power and control even more and colonists felt their basic rights were being taken away from them even more so. The end result was revolution. 2. â€Å"Was the American Revolution inevitable? Could America have gradually and peacefully developed independence within the British Commonwealth, as Canada later did, rather than engaging in a violent revolt? At what point in time, if any, was a violent revolt inevitable? What could the British have done to stop the Revolution? The American Revolution was not inevitable; however, it was very probable for a majority of the time Britain had abused the future nation. Tensions were high between Britain and the colonies ninety percent of the time. Conflict was imminent, but a full out revolution could have been avoided. However, it was for the best that America become independent. It put Britain in their place and decimated their ego down to France’s level. A slow peaceful agreement could have been reached, but it would be no guarantee to relieve tension between the two in the future. It may have been for the best that two split. The revolution â€Å"meter† if you will, was at its â€Å"point of inevitability† at the Boston tea party. It was the turning point on the History of the colony and the birth of a new nation. All that the British would have needed to do was to treat the colonies more fairly. They did not ask for the French and Indian war. The combination of each of these factors is what lead the colonies to revolution. â€Å"Were all the American grievances really justified, or were the British actually being more reasonable than most Americans have traditionally believed? After the Boston Tea Party, the colonists already had a disobedient attitude and no matter what England did, the colonists would have rebelled against it. As John Adams had said, â€Å"The American Revolution was in the minds of the colonists long before the fact†. One example of the colonists over-dramatizing was to the Boston Tea Act of 1773. Although this act helped the â€Å"East India Company† since they had an excess of tea, and was mainly to ensure the English economy a foot hold, and even in an indirect tax situation, the Americans rebelled against it all the same. At this point, revolution was inevitable. The colonists paid far fewer in tax on tea than England had, the Americans were looking for a fight at this point. Since the colonists were trying to protest the Boston Tea Act, they dropped â€Å"342 crates of tea into the Boston Port. The Boston Port Act was signed to get the money back that was wasted, so the port was shut down until it was paid. England wasnt being as unreasonable as many people tend to believe, however, it was too late for Britain to reconcile. 4. â€Å"What was the Revolutionary movement at its core really all about? The amount of taxation? The right of Parliament to tax? The political corruption of Britain and the virtue of America? The right of a king to govern America? The colonies’ growing sense of national identity apart from Britain? Was the Revolution truly a radical overturning of government and society—the usual definition of a revolution—or something far more limited or even â€Å"conservative† in its defense of traditional rights? † The revolutionary movement was about more than just taxation. It was about freedom. The colonists were being mistreated so they decided to do something about it and set a precedent for the rest of the world. The taxation just fueled the fire. Parliament was a major cause. The lack of representation was a great motivator. Britain wasn’t politically corrupt in their own eyes, but taxation without representation was a horrendous injustice in the eyes of Americans. They believed that the king was to blame, so then the colonies proposed a government of self-rule. Unlike anything else in the world at that time, it was a shock to Britain. This radical reaction from America was the shot heard around the world. It changed the usual definition of revolution forever. Chapter 8: America Secedes from the Empire 1. â€Å"What was radical and new in the Declaration of Independence, and what was old and traditional? What did statements like all men are created equal mean in their historical context, and what did they come to mean later? † The declaration of Independence was wildly radical for Americans and for the entire world at its conception. It proposed a self-governed nation and elected rulers. So shocking in fact, that England did not take it seriously. Self-government was radical at the time because no one had tried it before. With a little luck, America would take the high road above all other nation with their democracy. Some traditional statements in the declaration included no suffrage for women and no laws against slavery. For these to change, two wars would take place. One literal war had to be fought, and one political. If the drafters of the declaration were feeling more ambitious, then they would have included these in the declaration in the first place. However, no one knows how the nation-to-be would have reacted. In a historical context, all men are created equal reffered only to white men, it wouldn’t be for another one hundred years until this would apply to all people in the United States, and few million American lives thrown into the mix. 2. â€Å"Was military strategy or politics the key to American victory in the war? How did the two coincide? † Military strategy was a key to the American victory in the revolution. Although, the single most influential factor was motivation for the Americans. In a sense, the Americans had nothing to lose as a nation. Britain was already taxing them and punishing them ridiculously. The American logic was to just take a stab at it. If they lost, they would go back into the same routine. Paying for their misdemeanors. They were fighting for freedom, while the British were fighting out of desperation. The sheer numbers of hard fighting, hard headed Americans were no match for even the skilled British. Great Military strategy was a huge moral boost for the soldiers on the battlefield. That gave them confidence, something the British began to lose toward the end of the war. The two went hand in hand because you can’t have strategy wit hout politics. Politics is what made the decisions in the end. What went on around the round table caused everything that happened on the battlefield. 3. â€Å"Did the Loyalists deserve to be persecuted and driven out of the country? What difference does it make to understand the Revolution as a civil war between Americans as well as a war against the British? † Loyalists were persecuted during and after the revolution because they were considered traitors to the cause. It was right to persecute them because they went against what the new nation stood for. They were not killed, like in other nations’ revolutions, but simply deported. The loyalist did not wish to live in the nation either way, so leaving was not a harsh punishment in anyone’s eyes. On the other hand, however, they were still Americans; they just wanted to continue to be ruled by Britain. This is why it is important to view the war as a civil war and a war against Britain. Not all Americans wanted to live in the new country, and under the new nation’s rules had the right to say so. In one sense the war was both an internal struggle and an external one. 4. â€Å"How important were the diplomatic relations between European nations in determining the success of the American Revolution? How significant a role did the French play in securing American independence? How significant a role did the rest of Europe play? How did the American Revolution change diplomatic relations in Europe? † Without diplomatic allies, America would still be under British control. The alliance with France over whelmed the British and drove the Americans to victory. The French, still sore from the war of Austrian succession, were looking for a fight with Britain. The French influence was crucial and cannot be stressed too much. Even Spain played a role in the revolution through their geographic actions. The rest of Europe kept Britain busy fighting wars and making enemies as the Americans were fighting for their independence. After America became independent, Europe was their best friend, if you will. The strong ties with European nations would prove invaluable in the future. However, the rest of Europe did not love America as much as they disliked Britain.

Students Should Not Be Allowed to Bring Handphones to School free essay sample

In this modern era, hand phones have already been the usual needs in our daily life. Hand phones are created to make human communication easier. Besides, hand phones nowadays are equipped with a number of useful features to improve our knowledge and social life or to entertain certain people with its multimedia functions. In my opinion, this kind of technology has its disadvantages for students if they bring it to school. Then, what are the negative impacts for their learning process? As we know, hand phones have many multimedia functions, such as music and video player, games, and also internet connections. In fact, students become addicted to play games simultaneously while studying at school. Some of them also chat with their friends on Blackberry Messenger and Yahoo Messenger. They are more interested in reading what happened outside on Twitter or Facebook than listening to their teacher explaining how the world works. We will write a custom essay sample on Students Should Not Be Allowed to Bring Handphones to School or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are also some students who share inappropriate contents to their friends. These will bring down their concentration and mental development. Of course those negative things will affect their school and social life. When the students are studying at school, they are easily engaged with the received calls and SMS from their friends. Hand phones are also several scientific functions like calculator and converter, but students become dependent on these features. If they have to calculate mathematics and physics formulas, they just use their hand phones to get the answers. If they do this continuously, their intelligence development will be delayed. Even worse, some students who are afraid of failure in examination will use their hand phones to find the answers on the internet and share the answers to their friends. It is caused by the wrong conception of using hand phones. By using every â€Å"useful† feature on their hand phones, students tend to be lazy, so that they will forget their tasks and duties as a student. Is it enough to make a rule that students should not be allowed to bring hand phones to school? Alright, students will ask their parents to get new hand phones every month and this leads to waste of money. We have to realize that not everyone can buy hand phones. Bringing hand phones to school can also provoke crimes. It is caused by the social inequality between the students. Students who cannot get hand phones from their parents will do anything to have hand phones includes stealing. In conclusion, I would like to say that bringing hand phones to school has a  number of disadvantages, such as bringing down their concentration during learning process, making students dependent on their hand phones, causing students forget their tasks and duties, and leading to crime activities like stealing and cheating. For the information needs, school provides computer laboratory with e-learning facilities, such as e-books and internet. For the communication needs between the students and their parents, school provides free telephones in teacher room or security room. Furthermore, social environment is the most important thing in creating students’ motivation to study. When a student socializes with friends who like studying, of course they will be motivated to study. In contrast, if a student interacts with friends who do not like studying and just play all the time, then they will be spoilt and lazy students. Hand phones are built to make human communication easier, not to make people lazy. The newest features on hand phones are not useless. We can get many beneficial things from them like improving our knowledge and making us keep in touch with our families and colleagues, so that please use your hand phones wisely.

Consecuencias de no presentarse a una cita con USCIS

Consecuencias de no presentarse a una cita con USCIS Si un migrante recibe una citacià ³n del Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) para presentarse en una de sus oficinas tiene la obligacià ³n de acudir a la misma el dà ­a y a la hora indicada. Sin embargo, si no puede presentarse en esa fecha, puede intentar cambiarla.  ¿Para quà © envà ­a el USCIS la citacià ³n? El USCIS puede enviar una carta (appointment letter, en inglà ©s) para comparecer en un Centro de Apoyo de Aplicaciones (ASC, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) o en una de sus oficinas, conocidas como Field Offices. La razà ³n es que necesitan entrevistar a la persona citada o realizar otra labor sobre una solicitud o aplicacià ³n pendiente. Por ejemplo: examen para la adquisicià ³n de la ciudadanà ­a americana por naturalizacià ³ntoma de huellas digitales y otros datos biomà ©tricosentrevista de esposos para remocià ³n de condiciones de green card, etc. Quà © hay que hacer si no se puede acudir a la cita con el USCIS el dà ­a seà ±alado En primer lugar, deben seguirse las instrucciones que puede haber en la carta en la que se hacà ­a la citacià ³n. Probablemente, se pida el envà ­o de una carta explicando la razà ³n para cambiar la fecha. Adems, si habà ­a que presentarse en un Field Office se puede llamar al telà ©fono de Servicio al Cliente marcando al 800-375-5283. Si se tiene problemas auditivos, se puede utilizar el servicio TDD llamando al 1800-767-1833. En todos los casos, la razà ³n para pedir un cambio de la cita debe ser urgente y grave. Ser el propio USCIS quien decide si acepta o no posponer la cita. Y tambià ©n si hay que mostrarle evidencia de la razà ³n por la que se solicita el cambio es cierta. Cabe destacar que, frecuentemente, en los casos en los que USCIS pospone la fecha lo hace por menos de 30 dà ­as aunque depende de la carga de trabajo de la oficina correspondiente. Consecuencias del cambio de dà ­a en la citacià ³n Si el USCIS est de acuerdo en cambiar la fecha de citacià ³n, la à ºnica consecuencia del cambio es que se producir un pequeà ±o retraso en la tramitacià ³n de la aplicacià ³n. Adems, dependiendo del caso es posible que niegue temporalmente el derecho a recibir algà ºn tipo de beneficios. Sin embargo, si el USCIS no accede a cambiar la cita  y, a pesar de eso, la persona citada no acude es posible que eso signifique la negacià ³n de la solicitud o peticià ³n que se està © tramitando. Obligacià ³n de notificar el cambio de domicilio Nunca se podr alegar ante el USCIS que no se recibià ³ la notificacià ³n para presentarse en sus oficinas porque hubo un cambio de vivienda  y no se recibià ³ la carta en la nueva si no se ha notificado el cambio de domicilio.   Todos los extranjeros que estn legalmente en Estados Unidos por ms de 30 dà ­as tienen la obligacià ³n de informar al USCIS de todos sus cambios de domicilio permanentes, es decir, no por vacaciones. La regla general es llenar y enviar el formulario AR-11, que se puede descargar gratuitamente de la pgina oficial de USCIS o llenar electrà ³nicamente en la misma. Cabe destacar que los estudiantes internacionales y sus familiares con visa F-2  y los visitantes extranjeros con visas de intercambio J-1 y sus derivados J-! tienen sus propias normas. Finalmente, esta obligacià ³n de notificar los cambios de domicilio tambià ©n aplica a los ciudadanos estadounidenses que han firmado un affidavit of support en favor de un familiar o amigo en el proceso de peticià ³n de una tarjeta de residencia. Informacià ³n importante a tener en cuenta Si USCIS cita a un migrante indocumentado es recomendable asesorarse con un abogado. En la situacià ³n actual que vive el paà ­s se han dado casos de detenciones en oficinas migratorias. No confundir las consecuencias de no presentarse a una cita con el USCIS a las de no acudir a una cita con la Corte de Inmigracià ³n. Esta à ºltima es muy grave ya que podrà ­a suponer una declaracià ³n de una orden de deportacià ³n in absentia.   Finalmente, si un migrante no se siente cà ³modo hablando en inglà ©s y tiene una entrevista en Inmigracià ³n, puede ir con un intà ©rprete. Puntos Clave: Cita con USCIS Si un migrante recibe una carta de USCIS citndole a una de sus oficinas debe presentarse o intentar un cambio de fecha.El cambio de fecha se solicita siguiendo las instrucciones de la carta en la que USCIS notifica la cita. Siempre debe ser por causas justificadas.Si el USCIS accede al cambio de fecha, frecuentemente pospondr la cita un mximo de 30 dà ­as.Si un migrante no se presenta a una cita, su solicitud puede ser negada.Los migrantes deben comunicar a USCIS los cambios de domicilio, excepto por vacaciones. Esta regla no aplica a indocumentados. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

RAW #8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

RAW #8 - Essay Example The principle is important because it protects both the companies and workers against exploitation and labor abuse (United Nations Global Compact). This ensures that all parties must have terms governing their contracts to avoid future disputes. The Elimination of discrimination in employment and occupation principle is about equitable treatment of workers without favoritism, prejudice or harassment. As a result, the principle means that organizations should ensure they embrace different opinions and backgrounds of their workers by observing national and local rules (United Nations Global Compact). The adherence to this principle means that they need to set rules that embrace all backgrounds, promote efforts that create a climate of tolerance and have programs supporting staff development on equal bases. This principle is essential in that it informs companies of their roles in eliminating discrimination elements (United Nations Global Compact). This starts from the recruitment to promotion of workers within an organization and across the different communities. In this regard, it is vital to embrace divergent opinions in order to attract appreciation and respect among the

Direct Manipulation and Virtual Environments Essay

Direct Manipulation and Virtual Environments - Essay Example This is because users can see the outcomes of an action before completing the object; thus, evaluating the results and compensating for mistakes (Wang and Tsai, 2011). A command line structure on the other hand is an interaction with a computer program through which the user gives commands to the program in the form of consecutive lines of texts. A command line shell is used to implement an interface. The command line shell is a program that would accept commands as text input converting them to operating system functions. Programs are easily automated through scripting if only they have command line interfaces. The command line structure provides an access to the arguments and the name used to invoke the running program (Wang and Tsai, 2011). Direct manipulation style can be applied in pupil’s interaction with some educational software. The computer interface can encourage people to think, plan on relevant issues and learn more successfully. The direct manipulation is very effective to learning and is likely to broaden learners’ notion on task beyond their computer interaction. This style will be effective in increasing learner’s legibility in future to improve the current processes and create new

Policies for Child Protection

Policies for Child Protection Introduction and Overview The concept of children having specific rights is of comparatively recent origin. Traditional perceptions of society towards children have for centuries held them to be emotionally, physically and intellectually immature, incapable of looking after their own selves and inadequately equipped to make their own decisions (Bronfrenbrenner, 1979). With children furthermore being regarded as little more than possessions of parents, (with no personal rights of their own), the law has historically also granted unquestionable rights for chastisement and corporal punishment to parents (Bronfrenbrenner, 1979). The subservient status of children in British society even a hundred years ago can be gauged from the fact that whilst the prevalence of child cruelty was common knowledge in the 18th and 19th centuries, the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals came into being, in 1840, practically half a century earlier than the creation of the National Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children (Bronfrenbrenner, 1979). Such was the widespread social and political agreement on the rights of parents to do as they willed with their children. Even in the days of the industrial revolution the penalty for seriously harming an animal was far more severe than for causing grievous injury to a defenceless child (Bronfrenbrenner, 1979). Although preliminary work on enhancement of children’s rights started haltingly in 19th century Victorian England, the perceived need to take better care of children grew and received concrete legislative backing only in the first half of the 20th century (Maier, 1979). Initial work in the area however focussed primarily on health, safety and education of children, and stopped well short of intruding upon the foundational rights of parents, or the patriarchal rights of fathers with regard to ownership and control (Maier, 1979). Legislative inroads into the all encompassing rights of parents, vis-à  -vis their children, grew rapidly only after the Second World War, and resulted in (a) the rising legal authority of social workers to protect children, and (b) the establishment of rights of children for primary and secondary education, as well as for comprehensive health facilities (Prout, 2000). Whilst the interventionist policy of the British welfare state reached its apex during the late 1970s, (and was based upon the idea that the state had every right to step in for the protection of children, if those caring for them failed to do so), this approach was toned down significantly in the wake of the dismantling of the welfare infrastructure in the mid 1980s (Prout, 2000). The enactment of the Children’s Act 1989, in the wake of the 1987 Cleveland Report, (Therapy with Children) brought about a sea change in the practice of service delivery, and the state and agency relationship for social work practice was subsequently recast by New Labour into today’s working partnership approach (Prout, 2000). Partnership working, a process that is at the heart of current initiatives of service delivery in community and social work, involves, as per the Audit Commission of 1998, a â€Å"joint working arrangements where parties, (which) are otherwise independent bodies, †¦ agree to co-operate to achieve common goals, create a new organisational structure on process to achieve these goals, plan and implement a joint programme and share relevant information, tasks and rewards† (Aldgate Statham, 2001, p 36). Whilst partnership working in social work is not a brand new concept and was in fact taken up during the years of the welfare state, (in various urban and community development partnerships in the 1970s, as also in the regeneration partnerships in the 1980s), its use in service delivery became widespread only after New Labour, which had previously announced its intention of shifting from a culture of contracting to one of partnership, came to power in 1997 (Aldgate Statham, 2 001). The working partnership model for service delivery can be considered to be significantly different, both from the bureaucratic functioning of Old Labour and the market orientation of conservatives; it is based on trust and communication, rather than on command or on price mechanisms (Aldgate Statham, 2001). Debate over the growing authority of social workers with regard to the protection of children, especially in the context of their staying with their parents or being entrusted to care, reached significant proportions for the first time in 1975, in the case of seven year old Maria Caldwell, where the social worker misrepresented the actual position of the case to the court and forced the child to return to her natural parents, despite the child having formed close bonds with her foster parents (Bullock Others, 1993). With little heed having been paid to the wishes of the child, (who used to repeatedly run back to her foster home), the decision of the court, on the recommendation of the social worker, led to the tragic death of Maria. The conviction of her father for manslaughter was followed by public outrage and debate that resulted in the enactment of the Children Act 1975, which in turn called (a) for taking the feelings of children into account in care decisions and (b) for their right for representation by a court appointed social worker, rather than by the social services department of the local authority (Bullock Others, 1993). Whilst media and public debate continued to focus on the need for interdisciplinary working between health, education, social services, and the police, in issues relating to child protection, the next watershed occurred only in 1987 when 121 children in Cleveland were taken into care by social service authorities on concerns of physical and sexual abuse at their natural homes. With opinion on the issue being sharply divided with the social workers and the medical fraternity on one side and the media and the police on the other, the Cleveland Report, (prepared by a committee set up to specifically investigate the matter), commented adversely on the breakdown of communication between agencies and the dominant tendencies of agencies to act without considering the feelings of children; it also discussed the possibility that parents might well act against the interests of their children and recommended the need to involve children in the decision making process (Prout, 2003). The Children Act 1989, which was influenced by the findings of the Cleveland Report, caused a major shift in child care policy; away from state intervention in family life; towards partnership with families and caregivers; and with an emphasis on child intervention in decision making (Prout, 2003). Despite the introduction of such legal and policy safeguards, the tragic affair of young Victoria Climbie, who was abused, tortured, and ultimately killed, in April 2000, by her aunt and the man with whom she lived, under the eye of social service agencies, revealed that true partnership in working, and consideration of the wishes of the child, was yet to take place (Prout, 2003). Commentary The report that followed the death of Victoria Climbie was accompanied with the publication of a green paper called Every Child Matters, which focussed on four key themes, (a) increasing the focus on supporting families and carers, the most critical influence on children’s lives (b) ensuring necessary intervention takes place before children reach crisis point and protecting children from falling through the net, (c) addressing the underlying problems identified in the report into the death of Victoria Climbie, namely weak accountability and poor integration, and (d) ensuring that the people working with children are valued, rewarded and trained (Background to †¦, 2008). The green paper was followed by intense debate and consultation with people working in children’s services, parents, children, young people and other members of society, and led to the publication of Every Child Matters: the Next Steps, and the enactment of the Children Act 2004 (Background to †¦, 2008), steps that provided legislative support for developing more effective and accessible services directed around the needs of children, young people and families, and the use of partnership working in child protection, the focus of this essay. The rights of children in present day Britain are legally protected by laws that deal especially with the protection and well being of children, as well as by laws on health care, education, and social security (Prout, 2003). Children’s rights are protected by family law, education law and employment law. The United Nations Convention on Human Rights, ratified by the UK in 1991, not only gives children over 40 specific social, economic, cultural/civil and political rights, but also provides guidance on how governments should enumerate and protect these rights (Prout, 2003). Whilst the British legal framework provides a robust support system for safeguarding children’s rights, New Labour has, over the last decade also worked at establishing the concept of working in partnership by all bodies, schools, local authorities, medical relief agencies, carers, and parents, for protecting children; it is a concept that calls for active involvement of parents and consultation with children as well as for their participation in the decision making process (Milligan Stevens, 2006). With participation with children also being a key tenet of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, the practice of service delivery is shifting to include the views, opinions and experiences of children and young people in care, as well as in their natural homes (Milligan Stevens, 2006). This principle, that of enabling children to participate in the decision making process, however continues to be a topic of intense debate, with many individuals still remaining unconvinced of the ability of children to rise above their emotional predilections and take logical decisions. As the recent case of Baby P, the 17 year old infant who was tortured and murdered by her mother and her boyfriend in Haringey Council of North London shows, it clearly does not apply to children who are too young to express their feelings or to develop opinions. Whilst the benefits of allowing children to participate actively in decisions that concern their emotional and physical well being have been underlined time and again and indeed are integral to the modern partnership working model, it is difficult to apply the same yardstick, as is normal with adults, to all children (Milligan Stevens, 2006). The maturity and learning of children, child psychiatrists confirm, are strongly influenced by their life experiences, which include their natural home or care environments and their access to health services, as well as by care and learning programmes (Emond, 2003). A number of research studies reveal that the quality of early childhood life and programmes can significantly improve the ability of children to do well in education, work and in life; this being especially true of children who are experiencing disadvantage (Emond, 2003). Whilst such studies do point towards the existence of sharp differences in the abilities of children from diffe rent backgrounds to participate in decision making, such issues are accentuated for children in care or in disturbed domestic situations, because of the absence of the democratic process in their everyday lives (Emond, 2003). Extant research also points to the fact that notwithstanding governmental initiatives and instructions to social workers to involve children in decision making, the views of children or youth are seldom considered, not just by administrators but also by researchers. Two recent research exercises one by Berridge and Brodie, in 1998, and Thomas, in 2005, on children’s homes, whilst delving in depth on views of managers and social workers, give scant attention to the views of children (Stevens, 2006). Such attitudes, which are too ingrained to be removed by recent legislation, dampen cognitive evolution and the ability and confidence of children to participate in decision making. â€Å"Residential child care units may be seen as sites where these micro-political processes can be seen at work. Children in residential child care tend to be among the most powerless in social terms and reports of their opinions rarely contain their actual views† (Stevens, 2006). The extent to which children can participate, experts argue, can also be linked to the way they are perceived in society. Children in care are by and large perceived with ambivalence, either as possible victims who require to be taken care of, or as potential threats who need controlling; â€Å"one of the consequences of this ambivalence is that they are seen as passive recipients of services, and not as â€Å"active and creative actors, as a subject and citizen with potentials† (Stevens, 2006). Osborne and Bromfield (2007) concluded on the basis of an extensive study on children in care that the decision making facilities of such children can be affected in small and large ways by a multitude of developments. â€Å"Even small oversights can have a lasting and negative impact on the child or young person; for example, not being told why workers had moved on, or not being able to bring a pet to a new placement. Such occurrences can compound feelings of loss, grief, sadness and the feeling of being ‘different’ from other children and young people† (Osborne and Bromfield, 2007) A â€Å"CREATE† Foundation report (2004) found that children were also affected by negative care experiences that arose from systemic defects like the ones elaborated below: â€Å"(a) slow systemic procedures that prevented timely and adequate response, (b) court processes that did not adequately consult with children and young people, (c) lack of resources, support and training for carers and caseworkers, (d) inadequate early intervention strategies to support families to stay together and prevent entry into care (e) inadequate entry into care support, (f) inadequate support and preparation for young people preparing to leave car, and (g) inadequate post-care support.† (CREATE Foundation, 2004) Similar issues come up when children live in disturbed natural homes and feelings of insecurity and attachment could well make them cling on to oppressive natural parents or opt to remain in distressful conditions. Issues of culture and overall family environment also play a large part in shaping the response of children in disturbed homes, and partnership agencies and parents need to understand this phenomenon and respond accordingly. Children from ethnic backgrounds often face specific challenges on account of the different cultural environment of their homes, their inadequate English language skills, and the exclusion of their families from mainstream society. â€Å"There is apparent under-reporting of child sexual abuse in Britain’s Asian communities and a varied capacity amongst professionals to respond with cultural competence. Professional approaches originate in cultural contexts, which are often different from those of most British Asians. If the proportion of children and non-abusing carers from Asian communities who access relevant services is to increase, professionals need to develop better understandings of cultural imperatives which determine behaviour in those communities. Consultations with Asian women in Bradford reinforce the view that culturally competent practice and respectful dialogue are essential to the protection of children. They also highlight a number of recurring themes. Members of Asian communities are aware of child sexual abuse, they recognize that the issue needs to be addressed by all communities and they report that many of those affected within their own communities have found it difficult to acces s relevant services† (Gilligan, Akhtar, 2005). Decisions regarding removal of children from natural homes also need to take account of the influence of grandparents and fathers upon children and not be swayed totally by considerations of maternal ability and circumstance. With the role of grandparents in the lives of children reducing steadily, the role of fathers in child development, welfare and protection has never been more important. Fathers play critical roles in child development that often go much beyond that of providers of economic security, and incorporate nurturing, caring and supporting activities. Fathers play strong roles in (a) healthy child development in the home and school context, (b) creation of gender identity for both male and female children, (c) responsible sexuality and reduction of teen pregnancy, (d) emotional and social commitment, and (e) financial security. Whilst current service methodologies are women focussed, with social workers feeling more comfortable working with mothers, partnership working calls for much greater involvement of fathers, where possible, as well as consideration of the feelings of children about being separated from their fathers. â€Å"Mothers are the gate keepers to the father’s participation. Mothers have to believe that the family will benefit from the father’s participation. Furthermore, this discussion implies a systemic bias for excluding fathers. It is easier to manage the ongoing interactions over the course of a case by working only with one parent, the mother. In frontline practice, the potential for a compliant relationship with the mother takes precedence over a comprehensive working relationship with all the family.† (Father Involvement †¦, 2005) Mothers and social workers need to involve fathers as much as possible for partnership working to be more responsive towards child needs. Involvement of fathers by agencies could however lead to complications where relationships between parents are strained or in case of divorced and single mothers. Maternal grandparents can play significant roles in such conditions in creating conducive environments for protection and welfare of children and their involvement in partnership working could prove to be immensely beneficial. Conclusion The building of effective partnerships for protecting children is dependent upon involving all relevant agencies, namely the local authorities, social work agencies, schools, medical providers, police, community organisations, parents, and children. The recent episode, involving the horrific murder of the 17 month old child, known as Baby P, at the hands of her young mother and her boyfriend, despite the active engagement of social workers and medical practitioners, (Hyland, 2008) should not be seen as an aberration but as an indicator of the potential dangers faced by children in extremely different conditions and the individual and collective responsibilities that need to be exercised by all partnership members. The incident also reveals the vulnerability and limitations of methodologies that depend upon taking the opinion of children in cases where they are too young to express themselves. The extent of cooperation between social workers and parents also plays a critical role in the success of working partnerships. Whilst the barriers that come about because of cultural differences between social workers and members of Britain’s ethnic communities, especially from concepts of shame and honour, have already been elaborated earlier, barriers of class, income and education can also lead to lack of communication between social workers and parents and affect the appropriateness of decisions that concern child protection. In such cases, where unintended and invisible power differences work against the establishment of an equal working partnership, it is the paramount responsibility of social work agencies and social workers to build the foundation of a stable, democratic and equal working partnerships, take special pains to find out the wishes of affected children, and involve them as far as possible in the decision making process. The problems associated with knowing the wishes of children are complex; they differ from individual to individual, can be applied only to children over a certain age, and can even otherwise be solved only with patience, open mindedness, respect for children, and understanding. Working in partnership with parents for the protection of children, whilst a desirable objective, has numerous limitations and needs to be approached with care and caution. The adoption of a one shoe fits all approach in such cases is inherently fallible and can lead to horrific tragedy, as was evidenced by the Baby P tragedy, where the social workers kept the child with the mother despite numerous indicators of the dangers of doing so. Policy makers and social workers need to realise that all methodologies have their advantages and limitations. Social workers need to work with empathy; they need to scrutinise the working of all involved agencies, as well as parents, and refrain from being blinkered or authoritative in their approach, if they are to protect today’s beleaguered children from the fate that befell Maria Caldwell, Victoria Climbie, and Baby P. Words: 3290 References Ainsworth, F, (1997), Family-Centred Group Care: Model Building. Aldershot: Ashgate. Aldgate, J, Statham, J, (2001), The Children Act Now: Messages for Research. London: The Stationery Office. Background to Every Child Matters, (2008), Every Child Matters: Change for Children, Retrieved December 18, 2008 from www.everychildmatters.gov.uk/aims/background Badham, B, Wade, H, (2005), Hear by Right: Standards for the Active Involvement of Children and Young People. Swindon: NYA/LGA. Barber, J. G., Delfabbro, P. H., Cooper, L. (2001). The predictors of unsuccessful transition to foster care, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 42(6), 785–790. Bowes, J. M. and Hayes, A. (2004), Contexts and Consequences: Impacts on Children, Families and Communities, in J. M. Bowes (ed) Children, Families and Communities: Contexts and Consequences, Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Bowlby, J. 1951 Maternal Care and Mental Health, London: World Health Organization. Bronfrenbrenner, U, (1979) The Ecology of Human Development, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Bullock, R, Little, M, Millham, S, (1993), Going Home, Aldershot: Dartmouth. Berridge, D, Brodie, I, (1998), Children’s Homes Revisited, London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Cashmore, J, (2004), Child Protection and Substitute Care: The Responsibility of Families, Community and State’, in J. M. Bowes (ed) Children, Families and Communities: Contexts and Consequences, Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Colton, M., Sanders, R. and Williams, M, (2001) An Introduction to Working with Children: a Guide for Social Workers, Houndmills: Palgrave. CREATE Foundation, (2004). In their own words: Experience of ACT children and young people in care. Canberra: Office of the Community Advocate, Delfabbro, P. H., Barber, J. G., Bentham, Y, (2002), Children’s satisfaction with out-of-home care in South Australia, Journal of Adolescence, 25, 523–533 DeLeon, P, (1997), Democracy and the Policy Sciences, New York: State University of New York Press. Dryzek, J. S, (1990), Discursive Democracy: Politics, Policy and Political Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Emond, R, (2003), Putting the Care into Residential Care: The Role of Young People, Journal of Social Work 3(3): 321-337. Father Involvement in Child Welfare, (2005), Jordan Institute for Families, 11, 1 Fulcher, L. C, (1985), Group Care Practice with Children, London: Tavistock. Gardner, H. (2004a). Perceptions of family: Complexities introduced by foster care. Part 1: Childhood perspectives. Journal of Family Studies, 10, 170–187. Gibbs, I, Sinclair, I, (1999), Treatment and Treatment Outcomes in Children’s Homes, Child and Family Social Work, 4: 1-8 Gilbertson, R., Barber, J. G, (2002), Obstacles to involving children and young people in foster care research, Child and Family Social Work, 7, 253–258. Gilligan, P Akhtar, S, (2005), Cultural Barriers to the Disclosure of Child Sexual Abuse in Asian Communities: Listening to What Women Say, British Journal of Social Work, 36(8):1361-1377 Hyland, J, (2008), The tragic death of Baby P, WsWs, Retrieved December 18, 2008 from http://www.wsws.org/articles/2008/dec2008/baby-d04.shtml Maier, H, (1979), The Core of Care: Essential Ingredients for the Development of Children at Home or away from Home, Child Care Quarterly 8(4): 161-173. Milligan, I, Stevens, I, (2006) Residential Child Care: Collaborative Practice, London: Sage. Milner, J. (2001), Women and Social Work, Basingstoke: Palgrave. O’Neill, C, (2004), I remember the first time I went into Foster care—It’s a long story†¦ Children, permanent parents, and other supportive adults talk about the experience of moving from one family to another. Journal of Family Studies, 10, 205–219. Osborne, A Bromfield, L, (2007), Participation of children and young people in care in decisions affecting their lives, Australian Institute of Studies, 6 Prout, A, (2000), Children’s Participation: Control and Self-Realisation in British Late Modernity, Children and Society, 14(4): 304-315. Sinclair, R, (1998), Involving Children in the Planning of their Care, Child and Family Social Work 3: 137-142. Stevens, I, (2006), Consulting Youth about Residential Care Environments in Scotland, Children, Youth and Environments 16(2): 51-74. Retrieved December 18, 2008 from http://www.colorado.edu/journals/cye Thomas, N, (2005), Has Anything Really Changed? Managers’ Views of Looked after Children’s Participation from 1997-2004, Adoption and Fostering, 29(1): 67-77. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, full text version. Retrieved on December 18, 2008 from www.unicef.at/kinderrechte/download/crceng.pdf Ward, H, Skuse, T Munro, E.R, (2005), The Best of Times, the Worst of Times: Young People’s Views of Care and Accommodation, Adoption and Fostering, 29(1): 8-17.

Important similarities and differences between Judaism and Christianity

Judaism and Christianity are both monotheistic religions with a common root in that they share in descent from the patriarch Abraham. Christianity after all was founded by Jews, and even when it first had Gentile converts for a while they followed Jewish practices, such as keeping the food laws, until Peter’s vision a t the home of Cornelius ( Acts 10) They are linked by the search for the Saviour or Messiah foretold in the scriptures that both share e. g, Isaiah 35 – and known by Christians in the New Testament. Goldberg and Rayner begin their book ‘The Jewish People’ :-The history of the Jewish people begins with Abraham, the history of the Jewish religion begins with Moses. Jews take their name from the fourth son of Jacob by his wife Leah. They would have in times past called themselves Israelites. The name Jew comes from the Romans who referred to Idumea, an area south of Israel. The fundamental difference is that Christians believe that Messiah came i n Jesus of Nazareth some 2000 or so years ago, while Jews, unless they claim to be Messianic Jews, a growing group, are still waiting. Another massive difference is that one is born a Jew.As long as your mother was Jewish you are Jewish, whether or not you are in any way religious, whether or not you keep the laws of Judaism and even whether or not you believe in God. Descent is through women, because then, if a foreigner impregnated a Jewish woman, whether by consent or by rape, the child would still be part of the people of God. This applies even when the women of a family have married non Jews for several generations and worship as members of another faith. It is the religion of a race and it is very difficult for anyone to become a Jew in any other way than to be born to it.Christianity on the other hand is a religion open to anyone, but though one can be born into a Christian family and dedicated or christened soon after birth, as a young person or adult each person must decide for themselves to follow Jesus as Saviour. Christians believe in one God, but refer to God as Trinity, three in one, Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Jews prefer to think of God as one. Yet in the Old Testament there are references to God as Father ( Psalm 68 v 5 ‘A Father of the fatherless†¦. is God) and as Spirit, ( Numbers 11 v 17) and also to his sending of a Saviour.( Isaiah 42)Like Christianity Judaism has over the years divided into various groupings, orthodox, liberal and so on, but just as all Christians of whatever denomination relate back to Jesus Christ, so all Jews relate back to the patriarchs. By the time of Christ though Judaism had become a very different religion as far as its every day practice – so much so the writer Ninian Smart in ‘The World’s Religions’ differentiates them into the religion of the Israelites and Judaism. ( pages 202-203). This was a gradual evolution rather than a sudden change.When the Israelites were only a few in number they worshipped together. When they made their Exodus and spent 40 years in the wilderness they worshipped together in the tabernacle Change began at the time of the Exile, when the majority of Jews were separated from temple worship, and synagogues developed. After C. E. 70 when the Romans destroyed the Jerusalem temple and Jews fled from Israel to become part of the Diaspora, non sacrificial synagogue worship became the only type available. The period of temple worship is still looked back to as when at Passover each family makes the pledge ‘Next Year in Jerusalem’.These forced changes also meant that home worship as a family became more important. Judaism is essentially the religion of the group. Judaism has its scholars and mystics, but never took up the solitary or single sex contemplative life, such as that of Julian of Norwich or groups such as the Franciscans, that began in Christianity in the second century with the desert fathers and continues t o some extent to the present day. The position of women in both religions has been problematic and is divided upon denominational lines.In the Chambers Dictionary of Religions and Beliefs, page 271, Rosemary Goring tells us about this in some detail. She explains how Reformed Judaism has tried to redress its traditional exclusion of women from worship as in the introduction of a coming of age ceremony for girls as well as for boys. The first woman became a rabbi in the Reformed tradition in the1970s. Even Conservative Judaism took the same step in 1985, but in Orthodox synagogues women are still separated from men in worship and they are only obliged to keep the negative laws i. e.thou shalt not commit adultery, and not the positive ones at certain times. The claim is that this is a matter of difference rather than a matter of inferiority.The same claim would be made by certain Christians. There have always been women in leadership roles within the church, but, despite verses such a s Galatians 3:28, â€Å"There is no difference between Jews and Gentiles, between slaves and free men; between men and women, for you are all one in union with Christ Jesus. † actual ordination has been a long time coming and in certain denominations has either not arrived or again been minimal in its effect.Judaism is a quite legalistic religion. There are rules that cover every area of life, and Orthodox Jews in particular are meticulous in keeping such rules. Christianity on the other hand, although it too has rules, these are more concerned with morals than with such minutiae as the kind of knot that can be used on the Sabbath. Galatians 2 v 16 perhaps sums up the different attitudes to legalism. ‘’We know that a person is put right with God only through faith in Jesus Christ, never by doing what the law requires.†These are of course the words of St Paul, who in his earlier life had been most legalistic -a Hebrew of the Hebrews’ as he describes h imself in Philippians, ‘’As far as keeping the Jewish law is concerned I was a Pharisee’ ( Philippians 3 v 5). Jews consider themselves the chosen people of God. Christians consider themselves to have become, because of their faith in the Savior Christ Jesus , also children of God ‘At one time you were not God’s people’ Peter tells new converts, ‘but now you are his people; at one time you did not know God’s mercy, but now you have received his mercy.’ ( 1 Peter 2 v 10)With regard to the after life there are a range of beliefs. Christians believe that Christ has covered their sins and they will ultimately live for ever with God in heaven. Large parts of the New Testament are concerned with teaching on the subject as in I Thessalonians 4. The after life is rarely mentioned in Jewish scriptures. It concentrates more on one’s actions than one’s beliefs. Both Torah and Talmud concentrate on doing one’s duty to God in this life. The web site ‘Jewish beliefs on the afterlife ‘ says :-Succeeding at this brings reward, failing at it brings punishment. Whether rewards and punishments continue after death, or whether anything at all happens after death, is not as important. Despite this there is some teaching on the subject.. Moed Katan is cited on the same page . â€Å"This world is only like a hotel. The world to come is like a home. † In the early history of the people death is likened to a reunion with family. (Genesis 49 v 29) Jacob tells his sons ‘I am going to join my family in death.’It was important to him that he be buried close to those who had preceded him as is obvious in the careful instructions that follow. This contrasts with the fate of the wicked who are described as being cut off from their people. (see Exodus 31 v 14). There is still a belief among the most Orthodox of Jews in a sort of half life after death in a place called She’ol , a world described in Isaiah 14 v 9 and 10. This was expressed to me by a lady who said ‘As long as someone is alive who remembers me I shall be alive’. Both religions have naturally adjusted to changing situations over time.For instance on page 111 of ‘The Jewish People’ Goldberg and Rayner describe how Jewish law was adjusted to conditions in such places as Cairo and Istanbul. It began as the religion of a nomadic people, but became the religion of a minority group living among people who practiced other faiths. This, and the persecution they suffered, led to such things as the Jewish ghettos of mediaeval times, in part forced on them by the majority population, and in part by the natural inclination of people to live near those like themselves.Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire in the fourth century under the emperor Constantine. In the intervening years since its inception the church grew rapidly in fulfillment of the parable of the mustard seed recorded in Matthew ( 13 v 31 and 32). William Frend describes in ‘The Christian World’ how its organization had developed into something that rivaled the state itself with its various officials in each area, so much so that Diocletian and his court in 302 tried to face up to the significant decision as to whether Christ or the traditional gods of Rome should be considered as the guardians of that city.A Roman mosaic from 5th century Rome, shown in the Christian World , (page 39) would depict Christ emperor. Becoming a state religion had both advantages, the protection of Christians and their practices, and problems such as state interference in matters that might be considered as purely church matters. For example Henry 1st of England intervened so much in church life that he wanted to be the one to give authority to the archbishop Anselm, rather than this coming from Rome. Christianity is a missionary faith.Christians have traveled to all parts of th e world taking the good news with them and seeking to bring other people to join them in faith in Christ. Judaism sees no need for this. Judaism follows the commandment found in Exodus 20 v 4 about the forbidding of making images. This is taken to mean images of God. A modern synagogue will perhaps have stained glass windows depicting important t stories from the scriptures – the giving of the law to Moses for instance or the crossing of the Dead Sea, but because they also accept the words of Genesis 1 v 26 in which God says that he created men in his image, there are no depictions of people.This injunction does not seem to apply to photographs. Christians, believing that they are not bound by Old Testament laws frequently celebrate their faith in pictures, including images of Christ and symbolic pictures of God as Father and Spirit. Conclusion These two faiths have both parallels and common roots as well as shared scriptures and monotheism. There are also major differences i n belief and emphasis and the way that religion affects daily life. In both there are sincere believers as well as those of less than total commitment.